This article analyses the implementation of Whole-of-Government Approaches to External Conflict and Crises by Portugal, namely the relations between Defence/Security, Foreign Policy and Development Policy, how these are integrated in strategic and institucional frameworks and how these work in practice.

COVID-19 has had far-reaching effects all over the world, the most visible of which on the world economy and public health. Could it also have an impact on Europe-Africa relations? 

This article addresses the global geopolitical contexts and the development cooperation trends in which the current pandemic unfolds. It also debates its impact on the Europe-Africa relations and emphasizes proposals for changing the rationality of the partnership, making it less dependent on traditional univocal aid flows and more strategic and adapted to the increasingly global world in which we live and relate.